Solution:1
You can add post id to each post for example in data attribute. Example for archive.php
while(have_posts())
the_post();
$post_id = get_the_ID();
<div class="" data-postId=<?php echo $post_id; ?>">
// post content
</div>
endwhile
Then if user click on specific post, you can get post id from data attr by using JS/JQ. https://api.jquery.com/data/
Content in popup you can display by using REST API.